what is the rationale for scrum teams mcq village. As many companies struggle to implement Agile at scale in distributed environments, this case study describes Accenture’s experience enabling faster delivery and speed-to-market by implementing scaled Agile programs using SAFe, along with the adoption of DevOps principles. what is the rationale for scrum teams mcq village

 
 As many companies struggle to implement Agile at scale in distributed environments, this case study describes Accenture’s experience enabling faster delivery and speed-to-market by implementing scaled Agile programs using SAFe, along with the adoption of DevOps principleswhat is the rationale for scrum teams mcq village Scrum teams depends on short-duration sprints as they provide frequent coordination and feedback

It’s a way to break work into. Given that software is eating the world, a seasoned Scrum Master is nowadays in high demand. Daily Scrum. Scrum is an empirical process, where decisions are based on observation, experience and experimentation. The Scrum Guide defines the Sprint in the following way: “Sprints are the heartbeat of Scrum, where ideas are turned into value. The client wants to redefine the security programs. 8 Questions. A Scrum Team is a collection of individuals (typically between five and nine members) working together to deliver the required product increments. Instead, it’s an optional tool the Scrum. Sprint Planning. 203. The Agile Model is a continuous iteration life cycle model for developing and testing software. Agile has increased the demand for IT professionals who have an understanding of the methodology & its areas like Lean, Kanban, Scrum, and Scaled Agile. Scrum - MCQs with answers. The effectiveness of Scrum teams is primarily determined by the ability of teams to release frequently, close collaboration with stakeholders, the autonomy of teams, the degree to which teams operate in environments that encourage continuous improvement, and support from management. What is the rationale for Scrum teams implementing short sprints? Business agility (BA) is a concept whereby organizations seek to approach their operations and resources in a flexible, responsive manner. These values are focus, openness, courage, commitment, and respect. 1), Scrum has today been. Scrum has three pillars: transparency, inspection and adaptation. The aim is to maximize the value of the client by making sure waste is minimized. They work together using an agile framework to execute time blocks, a. The ‘Scaled Professional Scrum’ framework builds on the corner stones of Scrum, i. Alex is addressing the Scrum Development Team and educating them on ‘Courage’, which is one of the core values of Scrum. But a round robin of individual updates is not exactly a 'team' discussion. Agile has increased the demand for IT. No specific mechanism to inspect and adapt. The rationale for scrum teams implementing short sprints. Helping the team understand what goes on during the Daily Scrum b. What describes the relationship between Agile teams and project requirements? Ans: Agile teams consider submitted requirements but focus more on the. Waterfall Model is the least flexible and follows a sequence of steps, not allowing the team to collaborate. In Scrum, a sprint is a time-boxed event of one to four weeks in which your Scrum team focuses only on a sprint goal. 4. Collaboration is what enables the whole team to be greater than the sum of its parts. Agile Methodology is a flexible way of building software. Scrum - MCQs with answers. The scrum team does this by following scrum, a popular agile framework for delivering products to market via a set of defined roles. Whether you'll need to respond to change (both changing requirements and change in the wider world) 3. Attend the daily scrum ceremony and discuss rationale behind work undone c. Working on a six-month-long project can get tedious and leave Agile team members feeling like they’re not making any. If Waterfall is plan driven, then Scrum is: Bookmark. The effectiveness of Scrum teams is primarily determined by the ability of teams to release frequently, close collaboration with stakeholders, the autonomy of teams, the degree to which teams operate in environments that encourage continuous improvement, and support from management. 0 (1 review) Which Statement Best Describes Scrum? (choose 1) A - A cookbook that defines best practices for software development. This supports the concept of working iteratively. That means it should be short and to the point. Which technology, when combined with Agile and DevOps, will help the team receive real-ti me feedback?Waterfall Methodology is a rigid, structured way of software development. Scaled Scrum is any instance of Scrum involving more than one team creating and sustaining a product or system. The team gets together on the first day of the sixth sprint for a planning session. Scrum Team members, Sprint or event dates, Definition of “Done,” A burndown chart (progress and work remaining over time), A parking lot (topics for future discussion). Short-duration sprints are required for Scrum teams because they offer frequent coordination and feedback. So that the Scrum Team can reorganize for the next. Within a scrum team, there is no rank or hierarchy. The fundamental scrum group comprises one scrum master, one product owner and a group of developers. Exploring the myth around Stakeholder involvement is quite essential in times where everything and everyone have gone remote replacing face to face conversation. But here’s the kicker – they aren’t all in one location. Scrum Team adopting DevOps will have a different way of running the Sprint Review because the product is already in the production environment before the. His team has been asked to build a new advertising presentation component. If you don’t finish the Agile Methodologies MCQ within the mentioned time, all the unanswered questions will count as wrong. Additionally, Scrum Masters can effectively support Product Owners by ensuring that the Product Backlog refinement process is continuous and of a high-value regarding the Product Backlog. Related: What is project engineering? A. During a sprint, a team works on a specific goal, usually making a better version of a product or software. For me, this sometimes means leaving it overnight and thinking about it the next day with a clear head. What is a Sprint Review? A. The Scrum Master helps ensure that the team follows scrum guidelines and rules on the project. Sprints are at the core of Scrum, and by getting them right, companies can help agile. If the work is a one-time effort, and doesn't require inspection and adaptation, use kanban. Must have the ability to protect the team from the outside distractions and interferences. Contrary to his expectation of Scrum Master as a coach, he finds that Magneto acts like a traditional manager. The team wou ld like to have the new feature reviewed by other global teams using individual instances of the platform. Question 4) Imagine you are a Scrum Master coaching Developers to embrace the traits of an effective Development Team: being cross-functional, self-organizing, and supportive. Scrumban was developed with the intention to help teams transition from Scrum to Kanban or vice versa. Yes. So try to attempt all questions. Based on my research from several dozen organizations, what might prevent them from benefiting from the Scrum (or just an agile mindset) is lack of transparency. 2. 49 A project is following strict time boxed iteration. In one of the iteration: With actual effort of 60 person hours, it delivered 6 stories with cumulative 24 story points and slipped to deliver 2 story with 9 story points, there were 25 builds created out of which 15 passed. k. 24. Nexus is designed to scale to 3-9 teams all using Scrum. 3. D - a defined and predictive process that fits in with traditional. This resulting plan is created by the collaborative work of the entire Scrum team. com". The rationale for scrum teams implementing short sprints. Things to try to avoid during your. At first - bring focus into the right place. Based on the comments in the forum, these questions are more likely similar to the questions here. 5. What describes the relationship between Agile teams and project requirements? Ans: Agile teams consider submitted requirements but. If you are considering adopting Scrum in your organization,. testing? Ans: Scrum Q8. Since the core of Scrum is regular time-boxed delivery, we cannot afford to have flexible sprint lengths. What is special about Scrum Teams is that there is no pecking order, and everyone works towards a common goal. Sprints are time-boxed periods where a Scrum teams work to complete certain aspects of a project. Evaluating the team's effectiveness and performances so that they can look for ways to make it better is one of the best Agile practices. 2) Language and intentions matter. Ideally, this is in the form of a good “Definition of Done. Each of the Development Team members should be cross-functional. ABC Utility is trying to determine which CM Tool to use. However, some frameworks do support multiple teams. 2. C. Report. As the sprint progresses, the entire team will be able to track progress or make updates as needed. Scrum@Scale prescribes very few practices, but is a good tool for tailoring your own scaled Agile implementation. ”. Beginning of sprint planning 17. Agile Teams need to comply by the Agile Values and Principles but have flexibility to choose appropriate value-adding practices Q12. The scrum master’s role is to guide the team by ensuring they follow the scrum framework, practices, and values. 2. Content Navigation. Tasks must be allocated to team members by the. A model for deploying agile at scale. Learn more about how to determine the Scrum team size. These events or meetings define the way forward, help the team to pause, reflect, and re-adjust the course of action. 👥 Participants: Developers, Scrum Master, Product Owner. Scrum speeds up work. Q. The reason for holding regular Sprint Retrospective is Q13. Agile Methodology MCQs: This section contains multiple-choice questions and answers on the various topics of Agile Methodology. Depending on the. So, technically the product owner is the one who owns quality in a scrum team because the PO: Signs the design documents. In this article, we have provide Agile Scrum MCQ solved questions and. As many companies struggle to implement Agile at scale in distributed environments, this case study describes Accenture’s experience enabling faster delivery and speed-to-market by implementing scaled Agile programs using SAFe, along with the adoption of DevOps principles. The scrum team is a critical part of the framework. Which of these is an administrative responsibility for the team? a. Motivating and influencing at tactical and strategic levels. Scrum is a framework that takes 25 years of learning across many disciplines, such. Daniel Linstedt, Michael Olschimke, in Building a Scalable Data Warehouse with Data Vault 2. Scrum only defines five events namely, The Sprint, Sprint Planning, Daily Scrum, Sprint Review, and Sprint. Activity to Introspect. It is easy to blame people when we are getting results we don’t expect, but it is usually the system of work that is the root cause. While there are scrum teams bigger than that, most teams fall within that amount. Respect for. A Scrum Team has the following benefits: Work happens simultaneously Team morale improves Workflow processes are made clear. Mentoring the team to comply with the agile principles. Q. AI can study a process and recommend improvements that might increase efficiency, for instance, if a particular task is taking longer than usual to complete. In addition to the three main artifacts, there are a number of additional artifacts that are not explicitly defined in the Scrum Guide, but also add value and insights during the cycle. create long-term plans for effective audits, and proactively plan against future threats. e. It can also be embraced as if it were dogma. Here's a concrete example. Robinisthe Scrum Master of an Agile Team, working on a critical project with stringent timelines. 71 Product Owner Interview Questions. AI can be used to compile data from many different sources and to organize it cohesively. Usable: customers must be able to use it. 2. Agile Multiple Choice Questions with answers | Agile Objective type questions with answers | Agile Quiz with answers | Agile mannar and company kick started mcq. Solution. The Scrum Team and its stakeholders agree to be open about all the work and the challenges with performing the. Though each organization will have its own unique implementation of Scrum, the following sprint characteristics (with a few exceptions) should apply to every sprint. Needs to provide help to the team to clarify the goals and actions to be taken to achieve them. A project sprint in Scrum is a short period of time wherein a development team works to complete specific tasks, milestones, or deliverables. Daily Stand up meeting C. In standard Scrum, each team’s story point estimating—and the resulting velocity—is a local and independent concern. The questions have been modeled after some basic principles, that high performing teams. Moving from traditional functional silos and top-down driven teams to cross-functional and self-organizing teams requires a major shift in the behaviors of people, in the. Purpose – 5 whys can be used for: Root Cause Analysis during Sprint Retrospectives. The team agrees on a shared understanding of what it means for a Product Backlog item to be completed and ensures that it meets the quality standards and acceptance criteria. Show Answer b. Every individual in the scrum team needs to. The team members should be dedicated and encouraged to improve continuously. ⏰ Timing: The Sprint Planning meeting occurs at the sta rt of the. from the Business System teams to the Platform team. Scrum. Traditional project management teams are usually organized by specialization. Scaled Professional Scrum is any instance of scaled Scrum that thrives on Scrum’s formal rules and roles, complemented by software development. Sprints are the skeleton of the Scrum framework. In this context, Scrum is where the team comes together to move the product forward. Usually the logic of the questioner is along the lines of: Our team is so good, we rarely come up with anything to improve at, so. Practice these MCQs to test and. laaS is Cloud computing that provides hardware and software tools over the internet. They help teams work more efficiently and stay on track with their project goals. AI can also be used to analyze that data more effectively. What is the rationale for Scrum teams implementing short sprints?Business agility (BA) is a concept whereby organizations seek to approach their operations and resources in a flexible, responsive manner. An Accenture Technology team located in the US has added a new feature to an existing online ticketing platform. The fixed-time sprint benefits scrum teams since everyone falls into the flow. Scrum is based on iterative and incremental development, where requirements and solutions evolve through. Q43. Increased flexibility: Scrum allows teams to be more flexible and adaptive to change, which is essential in today’s fast-paced world. The Development Team should have all the skills necessary. Scrum, a type of project management methodology, has many fans. Sprints Overview. After new Sprints, the team finds that they spend more effort on unit testing, as the code base size has increased. The Scrum method was originally designed for software development teams and their technical projects. The Product Goal describes a future state of the product which can. Here's a tough 10 question Scrum Master quiz to test you on how well you know the responsibilities of this important Scrum role and accountability. The Scrum sprint cycle calls for a team to do a retrospective at the end of each sprint. Additionally, Scrum calls for several special meetings throughout the sprint. Scrum guide's suggestion of keeping team size between 3 to 9 is based on lots of research. Create a team performance review where the team members discuss how the team is doing and where the team needs to improve. The success of Scrum largely depends on how successful the development team is. 2. FixedScrum is a framework for complex systems development. Agile Scrum MCQ Quiz: Scrum is a process framework used to manage product development & other knowledge work. This technology is used across organizations in an ecosystem and allowsScrum defines just three roles, Product Owner, Scrum Master, and Team - not Manager. PO driven. XP and Scrum use a retrospective to find out what is preventing the team from finding that flow. Q. Energized Excitement Short sprints maintain participant. Scrum is a process. They do the work to build the product. The Scrum Master Roles and Responsibilities include: Maximizing the value created by the Scrum Team. It consists typically of a brief daily gathering of team members, including the scrum master, developers, and the product owner. I have doubts about one question about multiple Scrum Teams: Q: All the Scrum Teams working on the same product should have the same. A kanban board is an agile project management tool designed to help visualize work, limit work-in-progress, and maximize efficiency (or flow). Jim is a Scrum Master on a Scrum project in a media company. On top of that the Scrum Guide mentions. Scrum is based on empirical process control theory. have to work closely as a team. Each daily scrum within a sub-team ends by designating one member as "ambassador" to participate in a daily meeting with ambassadors from other teams, called the Scrum of Scrums. Get Responsibility and authority Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ Quiz) with answers and detailed solutions. Fast B. Dramedy. This means that any job title, even your existing ones, can perform one of the roles. In a software team, that might mean having a web developer, a database developer, and a. In this technology, the process of project creation is divided into different phases. Agile Metrics — The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Continually monitor staffing levels of the Scrum Team. For every correct answer, you can score 1 mark. These Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) should be practiced to improve the Software Engineering skills required for various interviews (campus interview, walk-in interview, company interview), placements, entrance exams and other competitive examinations. Attend the daily scrum ceremony and discuss rationale behind work undone b. You can check your knowledge and understanding about these concepts through this quiz. Be prepared Think about the outcomes and purpose of the event. 2. After the features have been tested, we need an integration team to. Introduction of Shorter Sprints in Agile. Misconception # 3: Velocity is part of Scrum, and it's the best way to measure team performance. Time-boxing - This principle describes how time is considered a limiting constraint in Scrum and used to help effectively manage project planning and execution. The five elements of scrum are theory, values, team, events, and artifacts. Involving the team in Planning and Estimating and providing early feedback on Delivery Velocity is BEST used to mitigate what kind of risk?. To improve collaboration and communication among virtual team members. It helps ensure transparency between the Scrum Team and its stakeholders. Scrum master. Scrum. People personally commit to achieving the goals of the Scrum Team. Yet in almost every Certified Scrum Master course I teach, I'm asked if teams really need to do a retrospective every sprint. The team typically demos the product Increment to stakeholders. What is the rationale for Scrum teams implementing short sprints?Programmers as one Scrum Team and Testers as another Scrum Team . Setting the stage for the Scrum Team to work collaboratively and effectively. This space and. , scrum or kanban, the road to attaining “agile maturity” begins by understanding these two frameworks. The rationale for scrum teams implements short sprints to get more feedback and limit schedule risk. through early communication with questions and focus on quality. Scrum is a part of the wider Agile umbrella; Agile is an approach to project management, and Scrum is a method you can use to implement it. Team Facilitator/Scrum Master/Release Train Engineer/CoachTL; DR: Scrum Master Interview Questions (1) Scrum has proven time and again to be the most popular framework for software development. Because the essence of scrum is empiricism, self-organization, and continuous improvement, the three roles give a minimum definition of responsibilities and. At scale, it becomes difficult to predict the story point size for larger epics and features when team velocities vary wildly. The Scrum framework is lightweight and adaptable, allowing teams to swiftly adjust to changing needs while still. The Scrum of Scrums is a fundamental and crucial concept in the development world. Scrum teams must be prepared to manage unplanned work and adapt within sprints as changes or unexpected tasks arise. If the definition of "Done" for an increment is part of the conventions, standards or guidelines of the development organization, all Scrum Teams must follow it as a minimum. The scrum master typically asks three. There are a few parts of Scrum that are reflective of Agile principles, and several points that make it unique within the philosophy. but when multiple junior developers face technical, environment challenges, then they dont get the scrum master's ear to share the concern as he is busy fighting some other fire. A ChatGPT Job Interview for a Scrum Master Position. adhere the same norms and rules. 22 Jun 2022 Introduction to Rationale for Scrum If you are looking for an answer to what is the rationale for scrum teams implementing short sprints, this article is your answer. 1. According to the scrum metrics, it appears to be that the entire scrum team is answerable for quality. What is the purpose of the product backlog refinement? A. (From the Scrum Guide: “The Product Owner proposes how the product could increase its value and utility in the current Sprint. Learn more about how Scrumban can help your team achieve their goals. They can create a prototype to help the project team during software development. Opposite, the entire Scrum Team should look for feedback from others. QUESTION 17 What is the main reason to know exactly who the. D. It does provide context. There is a travel team, travel feed-engine team, customer data team, and itineraries team. Provide the team’s own assessment of their performance to the. Transparency manifests in various facets of Scrum, including: Sprint Backlog: This dynamic list encompasses tasks committed to within a sprint, fostering clarity on the team's focus. The complex tasks must be allocated by the Scrum Master. They will plan and manage their work, and also make a change if. Project managers assign tasks and monitor progress. Scrum, a widely adopted framework in agile project management, offers a systematic approach to tackling various aspects of product development. Summary. . Good point about the 3Qs being a status update should be the work of the SM to facilitate to a. A. Conclusion. Some argue that kanban is about getting things done, and scrum is about talking about getting things done. Subscribe. As long as you use Scrum and Kanban as intended. Select the option that suits the Manifesto for Agile Software Development. Agile teams are required to share all the information and every member works while having the same vision of the final deliverable in mind. Frequent D. 26. Giving the Product Owner guidance in effectively managing the Product Backlog c. If you create the conditions for a successful retrospective. Conversely, each Scrum. In this article we. g. Scrum Team implementing eXtreme Programming has multiple feedback loops with pair programming and Test Driven Development as the smallest feedback loops. 3) The main roles in Scrum are: A) ScrumMaster. What is the rationale for Scrum teams implementing short sprints to maintain a record of each team member's roles and responsibilities? To break work into smaller chunks that can be delivered early and often. Agile Multiple Choice Questions with Answers MCQ Village says: July 3, 2022 at 10:06 pm […] « Previous. The Development Team, the Product Owner, and the stakeholders need to. In these circumstances, any change. Due of their constant collaboration and feedback, Scrum teams insist on short-duration sprints. Therefore, each team within a network of multiple Scrum teams still includes its leaders, the PO and SM2. 203. There are three distinct scrum roles: The product owner. The Definition of Done (DoD) is created collaboratively by the Scrum Team, which includes the Product Owner, Scrum Master, and Development Team. create long-term plans for effective audits, and proactively plan against future threats. The Business System team is only responsible for the development phase of new services. Pete Deemer explores the consequences for Managers, how the managerial role might be redefined (including a. Going back to what Ian called out, the Dev Team is not always the deciding factor on the DoD. Agile Teams can resolve the conflict among themselves by discussion and questioning each other before approaching Scrum master or Agile coach ANS – TRUE 30. Agile Model is a highly collaborative approach towards software development, yielding a better output. Overview. That way, if something goes wrong, it at least goes wrong in a small way. One way to organize a Sprint Planning is: The Product Owner introduces the business objective for the new Sprint. As Ian rightly mentioned, team will need to adapt. Scrum Master: A Scrum Master is a title for a team leader, typically a project manager, who provides coaching and support to the team to ensure they meet project requirements. 18. D. b) Improved efficiency. By. Sprints make projects more manageable, allow teams to ship high-quality work faster and more frequently, and gives them more flexibility to adapt to change . Q. ⏰ Timing: The Sprint Planning meeting occurs at the sta rt of the. The Scrum framework encourages a high level of communication among team members, so that the team can: Follow a common goal. In the sprint planning meeting at the ---,the team along with the po selects the goal in one-sentence foor overall outcome of the sprint. Depending on the. Scrum is the most popular Agile framework because of its simplicity, flexibility, teamwork focus, empirical process control, and widespread adoption. It emphasizes iterative development and allows for constant feedback from stakeholders in order to ensure that the project is on track. The best way to support a team working on complex problems is to give them the space to determine how to do their work, rather than directing them. Think of Empiricism as working through. The analysts are not organized as a (Scrum) team. Fine-grained requirements are only defined when they are really needed. Misconception # 4: Scrum Masters must attend the Daily Scrum. B) Product Owner. Once the Configuration Management team determines the appropriate level of CM control. Agile vs. These are: Commitment: Commitment is one of the hallmarks of Agile teams. This evaluation could be from a Scrum Master or any other Agile leader. To reduce complexity, it is held at the same time and place every working day of. This is the third in a five-part series about the Scrum values. The bottom-line is that Scrum Teams become significantly less Agile when only the Product Owner communicates with stakeholders. Scrum defines _ roles, _ events and _ artifacts? Ans: 3-5-3. From that, a Self-Organizing Scrum Team can promote the value of each individual, creative, collaboration. It is a cohesive unit of professionals focused on one objective at a time, the Product Goal. ; Sprint Review: A platform to showcase accomplished work, enabling. Assume that you are part of CM team and select the appropriate tool to use. These teams are also cross-functional, that implies that the developers, testers, technical writers, etc. Lean. Process. Which Agile framework breaks workload into smaller increments to improve team focus and simplify testing? Ans: Scrum. Q5. Since everyone is on the same page; the chances of the project going sideways get drastically reduced and improves visibility and transparency in projects. should work be allocated to the team in a Scrum project. Scrum is a popular agile methodology which we’ll cover in detail in a little bit. D. reporting updates to scrum master. In the capacity of Scrum Master, on a daily basis, he does the following things. Optionally the management and stakeholders can join as observers. Changes are expected and welcomed by Scrum team. People from outside the Scrum Team are addressed as ‘stakeholders’. A. Data access is improved through the use of AI. – The Scrum Guide. POINTS: 1 DIFFICULTY: Difficulty: Easy REFERENCES: p. This Quiz is based on the Scrum & Agile basics. As a scaling mechanism, the purpose of the Scrum of Scrums is essentially to avoid this type of waste by optimizing coordination efforts and simplifying communication across individual teams. 13. Sprints are at the very heart of scrum and agile methodologies, and getting sprints right will help your agile team. The time limit for the quiz is 10 minutes. Show Answer Conclusion. ”) The whole Scrum team creates a corresponding Sprint Goal. 2. A. Fast and effective. Project management is a process that allows project managers to plan, execute, track and complete projects with the help of a project team. Q8. Misconception # 4: When multiple Scrum Teams are working on the same product, each Scrum Team needs to be a feature team. Hence, collaboration between these roles is the key to success: The Scrum Master, through. "What is the rationale for Scrum teams implementing short sprints mcq village? The rationale for scrum teams implementing short sprints is to get more feedback and limit schedule risk. Metrics — Teams use data points to improve efficiency and they are set during the planning phase so that progress can be measured during standup meetings. More transparency. The Scrum Team collectively owns all aspects of development, including testing, to promote end-to-end delivery without handoffs or queues. If everything goes well (and as planned), the waterfall approach is the. C. Sprints are a part of Scrum. A Distributed Scrum Team is, simply put, a group of talented individuals working together on a project, just like your regular Scrum team. In this context, Scrum is where the team comes together to move the product forward. Agile Multiple Choice Questions With Answers - MCQ Village Q11. This set of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) covers the core concepts and principles of Scrum, making it a valuable resource for anyone looking to enhance their understanding. Agile Scrum MCQ Quiz: Scrum is a process framework used to manage product development & other knowledge work. Accenture’s IPS is helping a medical device company decide to use an enterprise platform, and is using the Core Processing component when ordering supplies to restock its inventory. The Daily Scrum is held in the same place and starts and ends at the same. There are no relevant multiple choice questions to identify a candidate’s agile mindset given the complexity of applying “agile” to any organization. What are key success factors to achieve our team goals? Defining and discussing key success factors, i. . Ask Scrum master to create a new story and add to the sprint backlog for the next immediate sprint to do these changes by team B. Scrum is that Scrum is a lightweight, Agile development framework, while Waterfall is a rigid structured process that divides the development lifecycle into discrete, isolated phases. Communications questions and answers. 3. Communications.